2023生成式人工智能对消费者的危害（英文）

1RunningheaderGHOSTINTHEMACHINEAddressingtheconsumerharmsofgenerativeAINorwegianConsumerCouncilGhostinthemachineJUNE2023June2023TABLEOFCONTENTSEXECUTIVESUMMARY51–INTRODUCTION61.1Anoverviewofgenerativeartificialintelligence71.1.1ExamplesofgenerativeAImodels81.1.2Thegenerativeartificialintelligenceactorchain111.1.3Opensourceorclosedsourcemodels121.1.4GeneralpurposeAI121.2Consumerapplications132–HARMSANDCHALLENGESOFGENERATIVEARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE142.1StructuralchallengesofgenerativeAI152.1.1IdentifyingtheconcreterisksofgenerativeAI152.1.2Technologicalsolutionism172.1.3Concentratingpowerinthehandsofbigtech172.1.4Opaquesystemsandlackofaccountability192.2Manipulation222.2.1Mistakesandinaccurateoutput222.2.2ThepersonificationofAImodels232.2.3Deepfakesanddisinformation252.2.4DetectingAI-generatedcontent272.2.5Generativeartificialintelligenceinadvertising282.3Bias,discrimination,andcontentmoderation292.3.1Biasintrainingdata292.3.2Contentmoderation302.4Privacyanddataprotection312.4.1Privacychallengesrelatedtodatasetsusedformodeltraining312.4.2Privacychallengesrelatedtogeneratedcontent322.5Securityvulnerabilitiesandfraud322.6Replacinghumansinconsumer-facingapplicationswithgenerativeAI,whollyorinpart332.6.1Challengesrelatedtocombininghuman-andautomateddecision-making332.7Environmentalimpact342.7.1Climateimpact342.7.2W...